Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary has nearly 900 pages, Parallel Lives in its revised version nearly 1,200. Caston, Geoffrey. It took from 1960 to 1983 to complete. 143 0 obj Regard Hitler as having predetermined goals, especially in foreign policy, Saw hostility between rival groups as being resolved solely by the Fuhrer, Hitler as central to foreign and racial policy. Bullock was the censor of St Catherine's Society (1952-1962) and then founding master of St Catherine's College, Oxford (1962-1981),[4][5] a college for undergraduates and graduates, divided between students of the sciences and the arts. Books such as Karl Schleunes' The Twisted Road to Auschwitz which was published in 1970 influenced a number of historians to challenge the prevailing interpretation and suggested there was no master plan for the Holocaust. endobj Bullock's views led in the 1950s to a debate with Hugh Trevor-Roper, who argued that Hitler had possessed beliefs, albeit repulsive ones, and that his actions had been motivated by them. Intentionalists stress that the essential political decisions were taken by Hitler. "[18] On 3 July 1920 Hitler wrote to Konstantin Hierl: "As much as I cannot reproach a tubercle bacilli for an activity which means destruction for man but life for them, I am also compelled and entitled, for the sake of my personal existence, to wage the fight against tuberculosis by destroying its pathogens. While Dr. Bullock originally portrayed Hitler as a diabolical charlatan and cynical opportunist without convictions, Trevor-Roper saw him as an ideologue and demagogue convinced of his own political philosophy. He was vice chancellor of Oxford from 1969 to 1973. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[499.416 612.5547 540.0 625.4453]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. hb```b``e`2$@
(! Shop the Intentionalist online Marketplace. [13] The Baltic area witnessed both the most extensive and intense killings of all the Einsatzgruppen with 90,000100,000 Jews killed between July and October 1941, which led to the almost total destruction of the Jewish communities in that area. _Rusty_, Started by: 0000001140 00000 n
Nicholas; Adrian; Clair; Rachel; Matthew. Hitler knew the masses and manipulated them. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons)/Rect[302.1211 225.7906 495.4707 237.5094]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> A number of scholars such as Arno J. Mayer, Yehuda Bauer, Peter Longerich, Ian Kershaw, Michael Burleigh and Michael Marrus have developed a synthesis of the functionalist and intentionalist schools. She might have followed the sad path of Iris Chang, who could not escape the long shadows of the brutal treatment of the Chinese by the Japanese army that she had chronicled so eloquently in The Rape of Nanking.It extracted a great toll: Chang took her own life. Bullock, Alan, Hitler: A study in tyranny, revised edition (New York 1961) In a wider sense, Kershaw sees the Nazi regime as part of a broader crisis which afflicted European society from 1914 to 1945. Conclusion Go to Gift Cards in the menu and select Use In-Store. ZYbg30d\\a,D'XPw#(qI\Tat\F=1X.OYSbUqd56jc:)308QE{EzZmNk@9J)K
C]Qt~)fG"imluQW%4%dZ2[3i RDt.:dA{RHFc/(R|>qgSXoMktbp7j;6 Notable intentionalists have included William Shirer, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Alan Bullock, Karl Bracher, Andreas Hillgruber, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard Jckel, Leni Yahil, Israel Gutman, Gerhard Weinberg, Walter Laqueur, Saul Friedlnder, Richard Breitman, Lucy Dawidowicz and Daniel Goldhagen. John Campbell, 'The lesson of two evils', "Alan Louis Charles Bullock biography - British historian", "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Bullock&oldid=1136588420, People educated at Bradford Grammar School, Masters of St Catherine's College, Oxford, Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Hilda Yates Handy ("Nibby") married 1 June 1940. CoolCavy, Started by: This racist component of Hitler's thought was so closely interwoven with the central political element of his program, the conquest of European Russia, that Russia's defeat and the extermination of the Jews were in theory as later in practice inseparable for him. Wiskemann, Elisabeth, Review of Bullock, History Today, vol. At the suggestion of the scholar A. L. Rowse, at Oxford, and the publisher Odhams, he produced the first comprehensive life of Hitler. Today, more historians have taken a position in the middle, claiming that Hitler was at fault but that it was not necessarily his plan since the first day he came to power. StrawberryDreams, Started by: The functionalismintentionalism debate is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. His definition of evil was "the corruption of people to behave in an inhuman way". Looking for a flexible role? [20], In 1924, Hitler further unfolded the racist rationale for it in Mein Kampf, also picking up on the views of Karl Eugen Dhring: Without clear recognition of the racial problem, and thus of the Jewish question, a resurgence of the German nation will no longer take place.'[21]. [12] Bullock, 665-660 *You can also browse our support articles here >. To fight him is to destroy him."[19]. "[17] That this "removal" meant for him the extermination of the Jews is shown by Hitler in a speech on 6 April 1920: "We do not want to be sentimental anti-Semites who want to create a pogrom mood, but we are animated by the implacable determination to seize the evil at its root and to exterminate it root and branch. 0000001321 00000 n
138 0 obj Some examples can be found all through the book, but Bullock also attempts a more or less complete physical and mental overview of the Fuehrer in chapter 7, The Dictator. 0000006897 00000 n
He was credited with massive fundraising efforts to develop the college. Alan Louis Charles Bullock: Mini Bio (1) Alan Bullock was born on December 13, 1914 in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England. 5 0 obj Hitler exploited the weakness of Europe and was central to the collapse of international order, Hitlers non-interventionist style of leadership, born out of Social Darwinist theories, has been misinterpreted as weak leadership, The Nazi state would have collapsed if Hitler had died or been removed, as he integrated the divergent Nazi groups, The succession would ultimately have passed to the Army elites, who, more Conservative in their ways, would have most likely began de-Nazifying Germany, Started by: He wrote or edited several other notable books on 20th-century European history, which also appeared in other languages. [14] Also ignored are the institutions devoted to the Nazification of the German people, such as the Hitler Youth and the Aryan breeding programs. (Intentionalist) T. Mason. Wolfgang Benz points out that Adolf Hitler had already called for anti-Semitism in a 1919 publication "Gutachten zum Antisemitismus" and declared: "Its ultimate goal, however, must unalterably be the removal of the Jews altogether. [citation needed] They have suggested the Holocaust was a result of pressures that came from both above and below and that Hitler lacked a master plan, but was the decisive force behind the Holocaust. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This phenomenon is referred to more generally in social psychology as groupshift. He also became increasingly active in academic affairs as dean and tutor of New College at Oxford. ",].WrbI*)U{\|i>fZwY=8(~qn P^4e5%{_rNbWQ{QUKUZQ8Ijy0]ozq2C?y|bP=!*+R^Ea'eREvV?(zzY_? _~6#3/pU;z3ydt This page was last modified 05:55, 20 December 2010. Along with the general incitement to an ideological and racial war, however, they were given the general task of liquidating "potential" enemies. It was a distinction crucial to the understanding of Hitler's initial successes as a politician, statesman and military strategist, and Dr. Bullock reflected it in his double study of Hitler and Stalin. He was aware of this trait and once commented: "Bullock by name, and Bullock by nature.". 0000002949 00000 n
Moderate intentionalists such as Richard Breitman and Saul Friedlander believe that Hitler decided upon the Holocaust sometime after coming to power in the 1930s and no later than 1939 or 1941. It has also been said that after failing to deport the Jews, the Nazi party was forced into the decision to have to kill them after forcing them into Ghettos and not knowing what to do with them. What they have in common is a concentration on the role of Hitler and the top As one biographer pointed out: "The Bullocks were poor but high-minded, and spent what money they could on buying books and going to concerts. All in all, the book reads quite well as a biography and historical rcit, except during the final War-Lord section, where it seems to get bogged down in military details. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. The Chancellor section gives us the impression of a Hitler killing time, just waiting for war to erupt. 155 0 obj 0000000696 00000 n
Bullock tells of a totally unprincipled opportunist, who had no deep values or goals, except seizing power by any means possible. The final solution was the only term that actually meant extermination. [6] Broszat argued that the Holocaust began "bit by bit" as German officials stumbled into genocide. var cid='1427959711';var pid='ca-pub-1708185697831973';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Functionalist historians include Ian Kershaw, Christopher Browning, and Hans Mommsen. The only problem is that intentionalists automatically assume he means kill, whereas the functionalists think it could mean put in another country. endobj Over time, his interpretation of Hitler changed, emphasizing Hitler's goals and thinking, the "intentionalist" school of thought. He is best known for his book Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952), the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler, which influenced many other Hitler biographies. 0000017785 00000 n
", This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 11:59. A massive and influential work which he described in the introduction as "essentially a political biography, set against the background of the times in which they lived". AnnaBananana, Started by: The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. In 1945 he was appointed as a modern history fellow at New College. These notes are aimed at A Level history students. Structural limitations to Hitlers power, as argued by Bracher. <> The debate is ongoing and has evolved as the years have gone on. [11] Bullock was also editor of The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought (1977), a project that he suggested to the publisher when he found he could not define the word "hermeneutics". In this book, the historian Alan Bullock sets out to describe the life of Adolf Hitler from his humble beginnings on the Austrian border with Germany, through his youth in Vienna and Munich, his army years, the founding of the NSDAP, his years as an agitator and party leader, his chancellorship and his years as a "war-lord" during World War II. Hitler: A study in tyranny, revised edition, 1961, by Alan Bullock, book review While acknowledging the ongoing debate between the two ideological camps, a new perspective is suggested as being a more appropriate means to understanding the event. In revolutionary circumstances, "It is possible for an individual to exert a powerful even a decisive influence on the way events develop and the policies that are followed". Alan Louis Charles Bullock, Baron Bullock, FBA (13 December 1914 2 February 2004) was a British historian. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. The reasons for this is the multiple failed attempts to deport the Jewish prisoners out of Germany, and also the military losses in Russia. Father and son were close; by the time Alan was 16, they were talking together in Latin." Black History Month is a great opportunity to #SpendLikeItMatters in support of women-owned businesses and the people behind them. [8] Bullock, 138 Only once in Mein Kampf does Hitler ever refer to killing Jews, when he states "If at the beginning of the war and during the war twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held under poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers in the field, the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain." He supposes that "In the Europe of the 1930's there were several leaders who would have liked to follow such a policy, but lacked the toughness of will and the means to carry it through. His colleague Norman Stone said Bullock's Stalin came out "like a Sheffield city councillor running amuck, and beheading the aldermen". Some, such as Lucy Dawidowicz, say that Hitler saw World War II as the perfect opportunity to implement his plan, but that it had been on his mind for up to twenty years prior to when it actually happened. [1] He also tries to accomplish this in an impartial manner, and seems to succeed quite well. He is best known for his book Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952), the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler, which influenced many other Hitler biographies. A functionalist is one who reacts specifically against the intentionalist approach and builds up a picture of what happened through meticulous researchwithout any preconceived ideas (Claydon, John). In the War-Lord section, Bullock also gives us a penetrating portrait of the two sides of Hitler, the military leader. The functionalists argue that many internal and external factors helped create the final solution, including other individuals and their views, countries impacts during the war, and failed attempts to do what the Nazi party originally wanted, leaving no other choice but murder. We can only wonder, from the self-evident descriptions, words and speeches evoked by Bullock, how come the German people, as well as the other concerned countriess people and leaders of that era, didnt see the coming disasters as clearly as the author lays them out for us to see. The Case of Contemporary History (1977) and The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin (1960). To the aim of expansion per se, however, Hitler gave not racial, but political, strategic, economic and demographic underpinnings".[2]. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Bullock uses many first-hand sources, like Hitlers Mein Kampf and other Nazi leaders memoirs, speeches, articles and depositions in trials such as Nuremberg, for instance, Goebbels, Otto Dietrichs, Roehms, Giseviuss, Rosenbergs, etc., and other important actorss of the period, such as Mussolini, Ciano, Schuschnigg, Ludendorff, Churchill, and Weizacker. Third, overlapping with this, are a breadth of historical perspective, and a force of imagination, which resulted from intuition as much as formal study. 141 0 obj He was Oxford's first full-time vice-chancellor (1969-73), serving during a difficult period of student unrest. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. The Jew, however, becomes and has become through thousands of years in his work the racial tuberculosis of the peoples. Author of Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives and others. Bullock began work on another book in the 1950s, a three-volume biography (1960, 1967 and 1983) of Ernest Bevin, the postwar Labour foreign secretary and a Bullock hero, whose character, in some respects, was remarkably like his own. [2] He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College, Oxford, from 1938 to 1940. 137 0 obj TvGvfm6t{T` [0D{Slj8Dpl
#wx~pB-UM$F~\cg=jC I agree with middle, as I believe its nearly impossible to come to a conclusion on which party is more accurate. Also referred by Kershaw as "Hitlerism," intentionalists believe that Hitler was at the forefront of anti-Semitic ideology and its execution. He was regarded as the master of the Third Reich, However, some historians disagree with this image, emphasising a man who was remote from public affairs, Hans Mommsen, 1971: Hitler was unwilling to take decisions, frequently uncertain, exclusively concerned with upholding his prestige and personal authority, influenced in the strongest fashion by his current entourage, in some respects a weak dictator, Hitler did not actively intervene in government and his withdrawal made the machinery of government slower and more chaotic, as the important decisions were not taken, Government disintegrated into competing personal empires; Goring, Himmler and Goebbels, Hitler became dispensable in this personal system; he rarely issued written orders; fuelling the view that he was an inactive leader, There are two approaches to viewing Hitlers role in Nazi Germany; the Intentionalist and the Structuralist. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Dr. Bullock, later Sir Alan and eventually a life peer, diagnosed the malignancies of dictatorship and tyranny that plagued 20th-century Europe. TSR George, Started by: Sarasgh._, Started by: As for the German people themselves, we do not really hear of them in this book,[13] only as a vague background noise; indeed, we find out that Hitler does not really care about them. Foreign cartoonists ridiculed Hitler as an absurd little man, Yet many accepted his dictatorship and remained loyal to the end, Germany appeared to be, on the surface, a one-party state under Hitlers sole rule, His dictatorship was underpinned by an effective political apparatus, Goebbels propaganda aimed at creating a Hitler myth, emphasising his political genius, generating great support and fortifying Hitlers position as all-powerful Fuhrer, Hitler has been portrayed as a leader who dictated events and who established ascendancy over all who came into contact with him. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});Alan Bullock, In 1960 Bullock was appointed as founding master of St Catherine's College, the only new college for both undergraduates and graduates built in Oxford University in the 20th century. L@:;g`9eFYR@ p He asserts in his book Hitler's Willing Executioners that Germany enthusiastically welcomed the persecution of Jews by the Nazi regime in the period 193339. He was two years older than I, and won the Senior Essay Prize of the National Book Council in 1930, the same year as I won the Junior Essay Prize. Bullock was founding master of St. Catherine's College and vice-chancellor of Oxford University . Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Proof often used by functionalists to defend Hitler is that he did start out with sterilization acts such as what he used on the disabled, to purify and prevent genetic deviants, but when that didnt work he was forced into the final solution. Bullock was chairman of the Committee on Reading and Other Uses of English Language (1972-74) that resulted in the publication of the report A Language of Life (1975). Trevor-Roper, H.R., First Power, then Revolution, review of Bullock, New York Times, Feb. 23, 1953 He was a research assistant to Winston Churchill and worked for the BBC. Unlike intentionalists who believe the Holocaust stemmed from Hitlers early ideas around 1920, these historians believe that the Holocaust did not actually start until around 1941. Aside from other people influencing Hitlers actions, it is also said that the certain circumstances influenced his actions. In this essay, Mason called the followers of "the twisted road to Auschwitz"/structuralist school "functionalists" because of their belief that the Holocaust arose as part of the functioning of the Nazi state, while the followers of "the straight road to Auschwitz"/programmist school were called "intentionalists" because of their belief that it was Hitler's intentions alone that explained the Holocaust. bny_YP*PfEGl(6T:2vXm}R$[%hCqhn"4hvGSE
4z3"cRbqY2Cw04Fkk{ Manage Settings Structuralist historians: Hans Mommsen, Martin Brozat, Saw Hitler as weak, failing to give clear planning and consistent direction, leading to the collapse of ordered government and self-destruction, Emphasise institutional anarchy and leadership chaos. It is a well-told tale of the bloodless reoccupation of the Ruhr, the Anschluss with Austria, the humiliation of Munich and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Asked the frivolous question as to which of the dictators he would have preferred spending a weekend with, Bullock replied promptly, "Hitler, because although it would have been boring in the extreme, you would have have had a greater certainty in coming back alive." "Alan Bullock, 19142004: 'I Only Write Enormous Books'. ezlaw. One example is a quote by Adolf Hitler, If at the beginning of the War and during the War, twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held under the poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers in the field, the sacrifice of millions would not have been in vain (Wasiak, Kjersti). This served him well when it came to keeping unruly undergraduates within limits." [15], Moderate functionalists, such as Karl Schleunes and Christopher Browning, believe that the rivalry within the unstable Nazi power structure provided the major driving force behind the Holocaust. Many times does he mention getting rid of the Jewish race. Bullock was decorated with the award of the Chevalier, Legion of Honour in 1970, and knighted in 1972, becoming Sir Alan Bullock and on 30 January 1976 he was created a life peer as Baron Bullock, of Leafield in the County of Oxfordshire. Extreme functionalists even believe that Hitlers ideas came from middle ranking German officials in occupied Poland and spread to Hitler (Haberer). This kitchen cabinet changed over the years but always included; Goring, Himmler, Goebbels, Hess and Bormann. Intentionalist interpretations - espoused by such historians as Karl Bracher, Alan Bullock, Daniel Goldhagen, Klaus Hildebrand, Andreas Hillgruber and Eberhard Jckel - identify a straight line from Hitler's Mein Kampf to the Holocaust. Josh_Grad stuff, Started by: Hitlers own authority was only one important element, Hitler ruled through his trusted henchman but could not ignore his dependence on the traditional elites, A radical purge of the civil service would jeopardise this relationship, The government cabinet did not operate, so the Reich Chancellery co-ordinated events, although Hitler only made decisions when absolutely necessary, Hitlers government can be described as polycratic, where his authority was only one element, However, Hitler still expected total loyalty and that all power rested with him, There are no examples of major policy decisions by Hitler being successfully opposed by subordinates or the Party, It would be misleading to view Hitler as a weak dictator, Only about 12 people had easy access to Hitler at all times. When he was a child his parents moved to Bradford where his father became a Unitarian minister and leader of the city's Literary Society. It is regrettable Bullock did not use Papens memoirs to supplement the periods that concerned him, and of course Speers memoirs for the interesting evaluation of the psychological environment of Hitler and his immediate entourage during the War and especially toward the end of it,[2] which were not yet published at the time. Alan Bullock. [3] This material also tries to explain everything from Hitlers hatred of the Jews to his unchangeable mindset, and his willingness to lie and run roughshod over anything in his path. Hillgruber wrote in his 1967 book Germany and the Two World Wars that for Hitler: The conquest of European Russia, the cornerstone of the continental European phase of his program, was thus for Hitler inextricably linked with the extermination of these "bacilli", the Jews. He was 89. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. [1][6], Bullock served as chairman of the National Advisory Committee on the Training and Supply of Teachers (1963-1965), the Schools' Council (1966-1969), the Committee of Inquiry into Reading and the Use of English (1972-1974), and the Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Democracy (1976-1977). Later, he was the first full-time Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1969-1973). This was unfair, for Bullock had grasped that Stalin's personal malice marked him out from Hitler, who was astonishingly tolerant of inadequate colleagues. American historian Ronald Spector, writing in The Washington Post, praised Bullock's ability to write about the development of Nazism and Soviet Communism without either abstract generalization or irrelevant detail. In the 1970s, advocates of the intentionalist school of thought were known as "the straight road to Auschwitz" camp or as the "programmists", because they insisted that Hitler was fulfilling a programme. The second is his bumbling, interfering side that caused defeat in the end, especially his orders to hold at all costs during several battles in the Soviet Union and in Germany towards the end of the War, although such an order did originally help the Wermacht maintain the line on the Eastern Front and avoid a collapse in the winter of 1941-42. Additional criticism of functionalism points out that Hitler and other Nazi leaders delayed railcars providing supplies to front line troops in the Soviet Union so that Jews could be deported by rail from the USSR to death camps thus demonstrating the pursuit of genocidal policies over pragmatic wartime actions. [11] Browning argues that sometime in mid-July 1941 Hitler made the decision to begin general genocide owing to his exhilaration over his victories over the Red Army, whereas Burrin contends that the decision was made in late August 1941 owing to Hitler's frustration over the slowing down of the Wehrmacht. [7], When reviewing Hitler and Stalin in The Times in 1991, John Campbell wrote of Hitler: A Study in Tyranny: "Although written so soon after the end of the war and despite a steady flow of fresh evidence and reinterpretation, it has not been surpassed in nearly 40 years: an astonishing achievement". They believe that it was his idea (or intention) all along to preserve the Aryan race by exterminating Jews and other racial and ideological groups that the Germans saw as enemies. They argue that, under Hitler, Nazi Germany suffered a leadership crisis. 139 0 obj Joachim Fest (1926-2006) was a German historian who wrote a biography of Hitler, Hitler: Eine Biographie (1973) which was the first major biography of Hitler since Alan Bullock's Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952) and was the first by a German writer. The others were A. J. P. Taylor and Hugh Trevor-Roper who, for instance, offered a more nuanced interpretation of Hitler than did Dr. Bullock. He did at one point want to exterminate the Jews, but it was not necessarily his plan all along from 1920, that some others could have influenced his actions and ideas. Mark Frankland has argued that the book on Adolf Hitler "remains both a standard work and an absorbing piece of modern historical writing. In 1952, Bullock published Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler, which he based on the transcripts of the Nuremberg Trials. e d u / h i s t o r y - i n - t h e - m a k i n g)/Rect[230.8867 246.6227 481.9121 258.3414]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> ( 13 December 1914 2 February 2004 ) was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College Oxford... ( 1969-1973 ) of Contemporary History ( 1977 ) and the people behind them portrait of the two sides Hitler! Modern History fellow at New College at Oxford 2023, at 11:59 of evil was `` the corruption people. Bevin ( 1960 ) at a Level History students more generally in social psychology as.... 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